Tuesday, August 27, 2024

Dryden's Essays on Dramatic poesy

 Dryden's Essays on Dramatic poesy 

This blog is assigned by Barad sir you check out questions here Here

John Dryden, a central figure in the Restoration literary scene, is often regarded as the father of English literary criticism. His work," An Essay of Dramatic Poesy" (1668), is one of the most significant contributions to English literary theory. Written during the Restoration period, a time when English drama was undergoing significant changes, this essay captures Dryden’s deep engagement with the evolving nature of drama and the critical debates of his time.

Discuss any differences you observe between Aristotle's definition of Tragedy and Dryden's definition of Play.

Aristotle's defination of Tragedy:

Aristotle, in his Poetics, defines tragedy as "an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude," aiming to evoke pity and fear in the audience, leading to a catharsis, or purgation of these emotions.

Imitation of a Serious Action: Aristotle emphasizes that tragedy should imitate actions that are serious and complete, invoking emotions like pity and fear, ultimately leading to a catharsis or emotional purification.

Structured Components: Aristotle outlines a clear structure, including a beginning, middle, and end, along with essential elements like plot, character, diction, thought, spectacle, and melody.

Unity of Action: He stresses the importance of the unity of action, where the plot revolves around a single central theme without unnecessary subplots.

Dryden's definition of play:

"A play ought to be a just and lively imaging of human. nature, representing its passions and humors and the changes of. fortune to which it is subject for the delight and instruction of man. kind." 

Dryden acknowledges that plays are not just about evoking catharsis but also about providing entertainment, often blending serious and comic elements.

Focus on Entertainment:   Dryden, in his critique and formulation of drama, often leans towards the play being a form of entertainment that balances between pleasing the audience and adhering to certain artistic norms.

Flexibility in Structure:   Unlike Aristotle’s rigid structure, Dryden is more accepting of deviations, including the mingling of tragedy and comedy, and the use of multiple plots, reflecting a more modern, eclectic approach.

Adaptation to the Audience:  Dryden’s approach is more pragmatic, focusing on what works for the contemporary audience, including elements like love interests and 
spectacle, which might not always align with the classical unities.

 If you were to express your personal preference, would you side with the Ancients or the Moderns? Provide reasons for your choice.

When choosing between the Ancients and the Moderns, I tend to prefer the Ancients because they prioritize a strong structure and clear themes in their plays. Aristotle’s emphasis on catharsis the emotional cleansing experienced by the audience really connects with the idea of drama as a deep exploration of the human experience. Although the strict rules about time, place, and action might seem limiting, they actually help keep the play focused and powerful.

On the other hand, the Moderns, like Dryden, take a more relaxed approach, mixing different genres, tones, and even plots. This can lead to creativity and new ideas, but it can also weaken the play’s central theme. While I appreciate the Moderns' flexibility, the clarity and intensity of the Ancients have a lasting appeal that I find hard to ignore.

Evaluate whether the arguments presented in favor of French plays and against English plays are appropriate. For example, consider the portrayal of death, duel fights with blunted swords, the representation of large armies by a few actors, the mingling of mirth and serious tones, and the use of multiple plots.

The debate between French and English plays often centers on differences in style and how closely they follow classical rules. 

French Plays:

Portrayal of Death: French plays often show death offstage to avoid graphic images. This follows classical rules of decorum but can sometimes lessen the dramatic impact.

Duel Fights with Blunted Swords: Duels in French plays often use blunted swords or symbolic gestures, which can look artificial but keeps the scene refined.

Unity of Action and Time: French plays usually follow strict rules about having one main plot and taking place in a single day. This keeps the story focused but can limit its scope.

English Plays:

Mingling of Mirth and Serious Tones: English plays often mix comedy with tragedy, creating a complex and engaging experience, but this can sometimes make the tone feel inconsistent.

Representation of Large Armies by Few Actors: English plays might show large armies with just a few actors, which can be seen as creative but might stretch believability.

Multiple Plots: English plays frequently use several plots, adding depth to the story, but this can sometimes make the main theme less clear.

State your preference for poetic or prosaic dialogues in a play and explain your reasoning.

I prefer poetic dialogue in plays because it adds beauty and depth to the language, making it more powerful and memorable. Poetic dialogue uses rhythm and imagery to create a strong emotional impact, which makes the characters’ experiences feel more meaningful.

For example, in Shakespeare's plays, the poetic structure gives the dialogue a musical flow and helps express complex emotions in a way that feels natural but elevated. This makes important moments in the play more intense and moving for the audience.

While prosaic dialogue captures everyday speech and feels realistic, it doesn’t have the same richness and impact as poetic dialogue. That’s why I prefer poetry in plays—it can turn ordinary moments into something extraordinary.

Reference :

AI tool (chat gpt)

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Monday, August 26, 2024

Macbeth screening

 Macbeth screening 

This blog task is assigned by Barad sir you can check out questions here Here



Post viewing task


How faithful is the play performance to the original play?

The performance I watched was largely faithful to Shakespeare's original particularly in its use of the original Elizabethan language. All actors are well performanced in the stage , especially Joseph Milson who portrayed Macbeth was very dedicated to his portrayal. Although some minor scenes were cut to keep the performance moving at a good pace , the core story and characters remained strong. The key themes like the consequences of unchecked ambition and the struggle between fate and free will , were still clearly communicated, making the personal a strong adaptation of the original play.


How has watching the play influenced your perception of the characters situations or themes?

Watching the play brought a new depth to my understanding of the characters. Especially Macbeth and lady Macbeth. When I read the text , I understood that Macbeth was character torn between his ambition and his conscience, but seeing it acted out made his internal co conflict much more real and intense. The actors portrayal Macbeth's gradual  decent into paranoia and madness made me sympathize with him. Similarly lady Macbeth's transformation from a strong, ambitious woman to a one who is consumed by guilt was portrayed in a way that made her struggle deeply emotional and tragic.


Did you experience aesthetic delight while watching the play? When and why?

I experienced aesthetic delight during several movements of the play , but the one that stood out the most was the scene where lady Macbeth tries to wash the blood off her hands. The actress performance was particularly powerful , as she convey lady Macbeth's overwhelming guilt and decent into madness with intense emotion.


Did you experience catharsis while or after watching the play? When and why?

I felt a strong sense of catharsis during the final confrontation between Macbeth and Macduff. Throughout the play, when the moment faced Macduff there was a powerful emotion relase.Macbeth’s desperation and the tragic realization that all his efforts to hold onto power were in vain. As Macduff delivered the final blow, it felt like a moment of justice, where the natural order was restored after the chaos Macbeth had caused. This sense of justice and closure provided a cathartic release, allowing me to feel that the tension and moral conflict of the play had been resolved.

How did the screening of the play enhance your understanding of the play compared to reading the text?

The screening of the play added a new dimension to my understanding of Macbeth compared to reading the text alone. When I read the play, I focused mainly on the language and the plot, but watching it brought the characters and their emotions to life in a way that made the story more immediate and engaging. The pacing of the play was more apparent in the screening, as the rapid succession of events leading to Macbeth’s downfall felt more urgent and intense.


Is there a particular scene or moment in the play that will stay with you?




The scene that will stay with me is the moment when Macbeth learns of Lady Macbeth’s death. The way the actor portrayed Macbeth’s reaction a mix of shock, despair, and a deep sense of futility was incredibly moving. His famous soliloquy, "Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow," was delivered with a haunting sense of resignation, emphasizing the emptiness and meaninglessness of his life’s pursuits. This speech captured the essence of Macbeth’s tragedy: all his ambition and the ruthless actions he took to achieve power led to nothing but sorrow and destruction.

 The scene was powerful not just because of the words, but because of how the actor conveyed Macbeth’s realization that everything he had done was ultimately pointless. The emotion in his voice and the weariness in his movements made this moment resonate deeply, leaving a lasting impression on me long after the play ended.


 If you were the director, what changes would you consider making in a screening of the play performance adaptation of Macbeth?

If I were the director of a Macbeth adaptation, I would focus on deepening the psychological aspects of the characters through visual storytelling.

 For example, I might use shadows or projections to represent Macbeth’s growing paranoia, with the shadows becoming larger and more distorted as he becomes more consumed by guilt and fear. I would also consider making the witches more present throughout the play, perhaps having them appear silently in the background of key scenes to remind the audience of their constant influence on Macbeth’s actions. This could create a sense of unease and reinforce the idea that Macbeth is being watched and manipulated by dark forces. 

Additionally, I would ensure that the pacing of the middle acts is  tight and fast paced to maintain the tension and sense of impending doom. By doing this, I could keep the audience engaged and emphasize the relentless march toward Macbeth’s inevitable downfall.

Symbolism of the scenes involving the witches in relation to Macbeth’s ambitious actions and the plot of the play



The witches in Macbeth symbolize the dark and dangerous side of ambition, as well as the supernatural forces that seem to control the fate of the characters.

The scenes involving the witches are crucial to the play because they set the tone of mystery and foreboding, and they highlight the theme of fate versus free will. Macbeth believes that the witches’ prophecies are his destiny, and this belief drives him to take increasingly violent actions to secure his position. However, the witches also represent the idea that while fate might set the stage, it’s the choices Macbeth makes that ultimately lead to his tragic end. Their presence in the play underscores the idea that ambition, when left unchecked, can lead to moral corruption and self-destruction.

Multiple choice questions 

1) What is the genre of Shakespeare's play Macbeth?

Tragedy 


2) which of the following best describes Macbeth's tragic flaw ?

Ambition 



3) The witches prophecies play a significance role in n Macbeth's downfall what is the primary theme associated with these prophecies?

Power


4) Lady Macbeth's sleepwalking scene is a turning point in the 
play. What emotion is she struggling with during this scene?

Guilt

Short Questions 

1. Describe the symbolic significance of the opening scenes in Act I & IV involving the three witches in the play "Macbeth."



The opening scenes of Macbeth that feature the three witches in Acts I and IV are full of symbolic meaning. 

In Act I, the witches appear in a stormy, barren landscape, setting a dark and ominous mood for the entire play. Their famous line, "Fair is foul, and foul is fair," introduces the idea that appearances can be deceiving, and that what seems good might actually be bad, and vice versa. This sets up the theme of moral confusion and the blurring of right and wrong, which is central to the play. 

The witches symbolize the chaotic and evil forces in the world that influence people’s actions. They are a representation of fate and the supernatural, suggesting that the events in the play are controlled by forces beyond human understanding.

 In Act IV, the witches reappear and give Macbeth more prophecies, which further push him towards his tragic end. These scenes show how the witches act as symbols of temptation and manipulation, leading Macbeth deeper into his own downfall and highlighting the struggle between fate and free will.


2. How does Macbeth's ambition lead to his moral deterioration throughout the play? Provide examples from the play to support your answer.


Macbeth’s ambition is the main reason for his moral decline throughout the play. At the start, Macbeth is a brave and loyal soldier, but when he hears the witches’ prophecy that he will become king, his desire for power begins to take over. This ambition quickly leads him down a dark path. 

In Act II, Macbeth murders King Duncan to take the throne, even though he knows it is wrong. This act is the beginning of his moral downfall. After the murder, Macbeth is filled with guilt and fear, but instead of stopping, his ambition drives him to commit even more violent acts. For example, in Act III, he orders the murder of his friend Banquo because he sees him as a threat to his power.

 
3. In what ways does the motif of ‘blood’ serve as a symbol in "Macbeth"? Explain its significance in relation to guilt and violence. (‘Blood’ is mentioned around 40 times in the play).


The motif of ‘blood’ in Macbeth is a powerful symbol of both guilt and violence, appearing throughout the play to highlight the characters’ feelings and the consequences of their actions. In the beginning, blood is associated with bravery and honor, especially when Macbeth is praised for his courage in battle in Act I.


 However, as Macbeth becomes more consumed by his ambition and begins to commit violent acts, blood comes to symbolize his deep guilt. After killing King Duncan, Macbeth is haunted by the blood on his hands, famously asking, "Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood clean from my hand?" This shows that he feels his guilt is so great that it cannot be washed away. 

Lady Macbeth also becomes obsessed with the idea of blood when she imagines that she cannot wash the bloodstains from her hands in Act V, saying, "Out, damned spot!" The repeated references to blood throughout the play serve as a reminder of the violence that Macbeth and Lady Macbeth have committed and how it has stained their consciences. Blood symbolizes the heavy burden of their guilt and the destructive power of their actions.


4. Discuss the impact of the supernatural elements, such as the witches and prophecies, on the plot and characters of "Macbeth".


The supernatural elements in Macbeth, particularly the witches and their prophecies, play a crucial role in shaping the plot and influencing the characters’ actions. 

The witches’ prophecies ignite Macbeth’s ambition and set the entire tragic sequence of events into motion. These prophecies, while seemingly offering Macbeth power, are intentionally ambiguous and misleading, leading him to make fatal decisions with a false sense of security. 

For example, the prophecy that "no man of woman born" shall harm Macbeth emboldens him, but it ultimately leads to his downfall when Macduff, who was born by Caesarean section, defeats him. 

Lady Macbeth also invokes the supernatural by calling on dark spirits to help her commit ruthless acts, showing the deep influence of these forces. The presence of the supernatural creates an atmosphere of inevitability and doom, suggesting that the characters are being manipulated by forces beyond their control, which drives the play’s exploration of fate, ambition, and moral corruption.


5. Compare and contrast the characters of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. How do their personalities and motivations contribute to the unfolding of the tragedy?


Ambition

Macbeth: Initially hesitant and conflicted about pursuing power through immoral means. His ambition is awakened by the witches' prophecy but tempered by moral hesitation.

Lady Macbeth: Fiercely ambitious from the outset, she is determined to see Macbeth rise to power at any cost. She urges Macbeth to overcome his doubts and take decisive action.

Moral Scruples

Macbeth: Struggles with his conscience throughout the play. His moral hesitation is evident before and after Duncan's murder, leading to guilt-ridden hallucinations and paranoia.

Lady Macbeth: Initially, she appears to lack moral scruples, dismissing Macbeth's concerns and even calling on spirits to "unsex" her, removing her capacity for remorse. However, her guilt eventually overwhelms her, leading to mental instability.


Motivation

Macbeth: Motivated by a complex mix of ambition, the witches' prophecy, and his wife’s encouragement. His desire for power becomes an all-consuming force, leading him to commit further atrocities.

Lady Macbeth: Her motivation is primarily her ambition for Macbeth and herself. She is driven by a desire to see Macbeth crowned king, and this goal blinds her to the moral implications of their actions.

Tragic Downfall

Macbeth: His downfall is marked by isolation, madness, and a desperate attempt to cling to power, even as he becomes increasingly alienated and despised. His death is the culmination of his unchecked ambition.

Lady Macbeth: Her downfall is more psychological, marked by a gradual loss of control over herself and her husband. Her death is a result of the overwhelming guilt that she can no longer bear.



These points illustrate how Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, though united in their ambition, diverge in their personalities and responses to the unfolding tragedy, each contributing uniquely to the play's tragic arc.

Reference  

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Sunday, August 25, 2024

Kinglear and it's Hamartia


Have you studied any tragedies during your B.A. program? Who was/were the tragic protagonist(s) in those tragedies? What was their 'hamartia'?

Bridge course : Aristotle's poetics

Assigned by Pro.Dilip Barad sir

Hello, I am Krupali Belam and I'm going to write About William Shakespeare's famous play ‘King Lear’ And its 'Hamartia' which I studied during my B.A , so let's begin…


      King Lear is a political play by William Shakespeare, written in 1605 to1606 and it is loosely based on the mythological king of Britain. But Lear's foolishness and his ego sent the flow of the play to tragedy.

     In Shakespeare's King Lear, the concept of hamartia, or tragic flaw, plays an important role in the development of the story and the downfall of the usurper. King Lear's hamartia is his deep pride and is manifested in his decision to divide his kingdom based on satisfaction rather than intrinsic value.

    Aristotle and Plato give a definition of tragedy and its features like plot , Catharsis, Hamartia , characters and others.

 The meaning of the word Hamartia fall in under the three categories 

  • To miss the mark 
  • To fall in some objects and make a mistake 
  • To offend morally to do wrong 


     Lear was the father of his three daughters, whenever times came to give his kingdom to his daughter, at that time Lear created a situation and made a condition that which daughter loved him a lot. It shows that he was a ‘self love person‘ and shows his foolishness. Meanwhile Cordelia fails to impress him and that's why he gave his kingdom to Regan and Gonerill , he discriminates between his daughter. He is very selfish and shown as a roughless dictator in the story.

      Meanwhile in the story his two daughters are not accepted by him and shows their reality of nature to him, at that time Lear feels regret, and because of his foolish decisions at the end he was killed.

Hamartia in kinglear :

  • Arrogance and pride:

Lear's excessive pride and arrogance lead him to believe that he can control and manipulate his daughters' loyalty through displays of romantic love, rather than understanding his daughters' true character.

  • Misjudgment and Naivety: 

Lear errs in judgment when he mistakenly hopes to please Goneril and Regan while rejecting the loyal and loving Cordelia. His failure to see through his daughters' deception leads to his downfall.

  • Impulsiveness:

 Lear quickly divides his kingdom according to his daughters' pleasures, and this pleasure is taken without thought or consideration. This lack of haste only increases the chaos and betrayal that follows.

  • Inability to Prove Himself: 

For much of the play, Lear struggles to recognize and admit his mistakes. His ignorance prevents him from correcting his mistakes until it is too late, which compounds the tragedy.

  • Leadership and Control: 

Lear's desire to give up responsibility and authority while maintaining control over his daughters' lives demonstrates a misunderstanding of the nature of authority and family loyalty, leading to conflict and chaos.

Thank you for reading…


Reference:

 - Wikipedia

https://medium.com/

https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/document/57073/1/ssoar-ilshs-2016  74mirmasoomiHamartia_and_catharsis_in_Shakespeares.pdf








Wordsworth's poetic revolution: A Deep into " Lyrical Ballads"

 Wordsworth's poetic revolution: A Deep into "Lyrical Ballads"

This blog is a bridge course task assigned by Barad sir . For further information click here



William Wordsworth , a prominent figure in the Romantic era, is often hailed as one of the most influential English poet. His work particularly the collaborative effort with Samuel Taylor Coleridge titled Lyrical Ballads, marked a significant departure from the neoclassical style that had dominated the 18th century.

The nature of the poet

"What is poet?" rather than "Who is poet?"

When Wordsworth asks , 'what is poet?' Instead of 'Who is a poet'? He's not just asking for name or a list of people. He's trying to understand what makes a poet' special and what their role is in society. This question is about the qualities is that define a poet', like their sensitivity, imagination, and ability to express deep truths.

Wordsworth's view on the poet

Wordsworth describe a poet' as 'a man speaking to man'. By this he means that poets should communicate in a way that everyone can understand, using everyday language. But he also believes that a poet is someone with stronger feelings and deeper understanding than most people. Poets have a special ability to see  and express the beauty and truth in everyday life.

Wordsworth also say that poets have " a greater knowledge of human nature, and a more comprehensive soul " than most people. This means poets can understand and related to the wide range of human experience. Capturing the emotions and thoughts that everyone feels but may not be able to express.

Poetic Diction 

What is poetic Diction?

Poetic Diction refers to the language and style used in poetry. Before Wordsworth, poetry was often written in a formal and sometimes complicated way , with fancy words and complex expression that made different from everyday speech.

Wordsworth's suggessted poetic Diction 

Wordsworth didn't like old fashioned way of writing poetry . He believed that poetry should use simple, natural language the kind that ordinary people use in their daily lives. He thought that the traditional, fancy language of poetry created a distance between the poem and it's readers making it less relatable.

Wordsworth wanted poetry to be more democratic, meaning it should be accessible to everyone, not just the educated elite. By using straightforward language, he believed poetry could convey  powerful emotions and ideas in way that everyone could understand.

Defination of poetry 

Wordsworth definition of poetry 

Wordsworth famously defined poetry as ' the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings'. This means that real poetry come from strong emotions that naturally pour out of the post rather than being carefully planned or calculated.

Relation to Wordsworth's poetic philosophy 


This idea is at the  heart of Wordsworth's approach to poetry. He believed that poetry should come from the poets own experience and emotions. According to Wordsworth, poets reflect on their feelings in a calm , thoughtful way, and then transform those feeling into poetry.
Wordsworth's defination also emphasizes the importance of sincerity in poetry. He rejected the artificial and overly formal style of earlier poetry, arguing that poetry should be honest and direct expressing genuine emotions.

Analysing Wordsworth's poem

Application of Wordsworth's poetic creed

" I wondered Lonely as a cloud" as an example of his ideas in action.in this poem , Wordsworth describes how he felt when he saw a field of Daffodils. The language he uses is simple and easy to understand, which matches his belief that poetry should use the 'real language of men'.

The poem captures a moment of pure joy and peace that wordsworth felt in nature. When he reflects on this experience, he turns it into poetry. This process feeling something powerful, reflecting on it, and then writing about it  is exactly what Wordsworth believed poetry should be about. The poem show how simple language and deep emotions can create a lasting impact on the reader.

Wordsworth important states:

" A language was thus i sensibility produced differing materially from the real language of men in any situation."
  
He beloved poetry should be closer to real life, using the kind of language people use everyday. He argued that poetry should be written in simple, natural language so that it could be understood and felt by everyone. By doing this he thought poetry would become more powerful and meaningful, as it would better connect with the readers emotions and experiences.

"A man speaking to men: a man, it is true, endowed with more lively sensibility, more enthusiasm and tenderness.” 

Wordsworth describes a poet as someone who is just like any other person,but with a special gift for feeling emotions more deeply. He sees the poet as 'a man speaking to man'. Meaning that poets should communicate in a way that everyone can understand, using ordinary language.

Poet notice beauty and emotions in everyday life that others might mis, and they can share these insights through their poetry. For Wordsworth the poet job is take these deep feelings and turn then into words that everyone can connect with.

"A poet has a greater knowledge of human nature , and a more comprehensive soul, than one supposed to be common among mankind."

Wordsworth believes that poets have a deep understanding of people and the world. When he says a poet has a " more comprehensive soul " he means that poets can see and feel things more fully than most people. They understand different aspects of human nature can express these in their work.

" For all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings"

Wordsworth's famous idea about poetry is that it should come from strong emotions. He believed that the best poetry happens when feelings naturally overflow and the poet express them in words. But it's not just about raw emotion. Wordsworth also thought that after feeling something deeply, the poet should take time to think about these feelings calmly.

This reflection allows the poet to shape their emotions into poetry that other candidates relate to. Wordsworth's idea of "spontaneous overflow" means that poetry should feel genuine and come from heart , rather than being forced or overly complicated. By sharing their true emotions, poet crate poetry that speaks directly to the reader and touches their heart.



Reference 

- From different AI tools 





Saturday, August 24, 2024

Periodical writings : During Romanticism

 ðŸ’ Periodical writing : During romanticism

 This blog is written as my thinking Activity assigned by Megha trivedi ma'am



So first of all we all have to know the basic concepts about periodical writings and some key points about the romantic age. 

The Romantic age extended from the late 18th century to the mid 19th century. It was the period of various Changes in literature, thought and society.it is period of individual expression, emotion and imagination were emphasized and these elements reflected not only in poetry and prose but also in the periodicals writing of the era.


What is periodical writing?

According to Cambridge learner dictionary:

"A Magazine or news paper,especially on a serious subject ,that is published regularly."
 Periodicals mean anything that comes out periodically. periodicals writing became a vital platform for the dissemination of Romantic ideas , serving as the crucible in which the spirit of the age was both reflecting and forged.
Romantic author used imperial culture to capitalize on the contemporary explosion of periodical magazine.

Before romantic periodicals :

〰️The first periodical published in Europe, was The Gazette

which appeared in  1536. It was a manuscript newspaper, intended for public reading and it contained the general informative news reading the war of the Venetian  with the Turks.

The periodical press started as a small thing but it has grown into a very powerful force in today's world.it laid the ground work for new ways of writing and thinking.

〰️ The first regular English periodical appeared in the form of a weekly in 1622.Thomas Archer and Nicholas Bourne were responsible for its publication. The periodical contained only exclusively the news of foreign wars which it had been permitted to publish. That sort of publication actually constituted the first English newspapers and was called the cartoons.
The publication continued to appeared till 1638, with Nicholas Bourne and Nathaniel Butter it's organizers.

〰️English magazines started coming out around the time of Queen Elizabeth. There were some new ones, but they didn’t come out very often. They were only printed when something big happened, like a big flood or a big fire.
The freedom of the press limited and only allowed for official announcements. The first periodical paper was published in1655 by cromwell. Henry Muddiman  also published a newspaper in the 17th century.

〰️The first English daily The daily current appeared in 1702. It continued nearly 33 years and deal of popularity of readers.

The beginning of 18th century gave rapid expansion of the periodical press. The Review of Defoe which appeared in 1704 was the first leading step in the matter. The review was the first big newspaper in England. It was know for being opinionated and criticizing other harshly, which caused problem for its editor. After the review other newspapers like The examiner come out. The examiner supported a political group called the  Tory party .Famous writers like Jonathan Swift and Matthew prior often wrote article for this newspaper


The rise of Romantic - Era periodicals (1785-1830)


The rise of Romantic -era periodicals can be traced back to the mid 18th century, with the establishment of publications like The monthly review (1749) and the critical review (1756) these early reviews set the stage for the literary criticism that would become a hall mark of Romantic periodicals.

〰️However, the true flourishing of periodical writing during the romantic era was driven by several factors:

1) Increase literacy rates: As education become more widespread, the readings public expanded.

2) Technological Advancements:  Improvements in printing technology made publication faster and more cost effective.
 
3) Political climate:  After the French revolution,there was a lot political debates ,and people wrote about it in magazine.

4) Romantic ideas: The romantic movement focused on the personal feelings and expression, which fit well with magazine writting.

Main themes and features :


1) Literary criticism: These magazine helped develop and popularise literary criticism.

2) political discussion: Many magazines had clear political views and write about important issues of the time.

3) Mixing different subject: Article often combined literature with other topics like history or science.

4)New ways of writing:  The magazine formate encouraged writers to try new style of writing.

5)Using fake names :Many writer use fake name when they wrote  for magazine.

6) Talking with Readers: some magazines include sections where readers could write in creating a scene of community.

7)publishing in parts:  Longer stories were often published in piece over several issues.
 

Key publication and their Influence 



This is very brief video about periodicals which are published during the time period of Romantic age .

🔷The Edinburgh review ( 1802 - 1929)

   
    
    Founded by Francis Jeffrey, Sydney smith and Henry Brougham , The Edinburgh review quickly become one of the most influential periodicals of its time. known for its whig political leaning it combined literary criticism with political commentary.

     The Edinburgh reviews introduced a new standard of criticism featuring a long analytical reviews that often used the book under discussion as a starting point for broader essays on literature, politics , or society. contributors included major figures like Thomas Babington Macaulay and Thomas Carlyle.



🔷The Quarterly Review (1809-1967)

Established as a Tory counterpart to the Edinburgh review. The Quarterly Review was founded by John Murray ll with support from Walter scott. It featured contributions from conservative writer and thinkers, including Robert southey and William Gifford.

The rivalry between the Edinburgh review and  The Quarterly review exemplified the political divisions of the era and helped shape public discourse on major issues.



🔷 Blackwoods Edinburgh Magazine (1817-1980)

Founded by William blackwood,this monthly magazine became known for its mixture of fiction,poetry, criticism,and satirical piece. It published works by major romantic figures like John Keats and Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
 Blackwood was nouristious for its provocative style often engaging in its literally controversies and it's personal attack on other writers. This combative aproch while controversial, helped to boost it's readership and influence.



🔷The London magazine (1820-1829)

The London magazine featured essays , poetry and reviews from prominent writers of the day. It was particularly notable for publishing the work of Charles Lamb whose "Essays of Elia" first appeared in its pages.
 
The Magazine also published work by other key romantic figures like William Hazlitt and Thomas de Quincey , making direct an important platform for some of the eras most innovative prose writers.


🔷The Examiner (1808-1886)

Founded by Leigh and John Hunt , The Examiner was a weekly paper known for its radical politics and literary Content. It played crucial role in promoting the work of young romantic poets , particularly John Keats and P.B.shelley.

The Examiner's political stance led to controversy including Leigh Hunt's imprisonment for libel  against the prince Regent in 1813.


🔷The Liberal(1822-1823)


    Though short-lived , The Liberal was significant for its association with Lord Bryon, P.B.shelly and Leigh Hunt. It aimed to challenge conservative political and literary views, publishing works like Byron's ' The vision of judgement'.


Influential figures:


🔷 William Hazlitt (1778-1830)

A prolific essayist and critic, Hazlitt contributed to numerous periodicals including  The Edinburgh review, The London Magazine, and The examiner. His incisive criticism and vivid prose style made him one of the most respected writers of his time.


🔷 Charles lamb(1775-1834)

Best known for his  "Essays of Elia" published in The London magazine,Lamb's whimsical, personal style of writing was highly influenced in developing the familiar essay form.


🔷Leigh Hunt (1784-1859)

As editor of 'The Examiner ' Hunt played crucial role in promoting the work of young Romantic poets. His own writing and his own connection with other literary figures made him a Central figure in n Romantic -era periodical culture.


🔷Francis Jeffrey (1773-1850)

As editor of Edinburgh review Jeffrey helped establish new standards for literary criticism. His review were known for their rigor and sometimes harsh judgements.

🔷 John Gibson Lockhart (1794- 1854)

A key figure at Blackwoods Edinburgh Magazine, Lockhart was know for his satirical writing and biographical work. He later became editor of the Quarterly review.

Impact and lagecy :


The periodical writing of the Romantic age had a profound and lasting impact on English literature and culture.

1) Democratization of literary culture:
 Periodical made new idea s and works accessible to a broder audience helping to create a more democratic literary culture.

2) Development of literary criticism:
The emphasis on rigorous analytical review in publication like  The Edinburgh review and The Quarterly review helped establish literary criticism as a respected discipline.

3) Platform for new voice :
Periodicals provided opportunities for new and experimental writer to publish their work , often launching the career of major literary figures.

4) Shaping public opinion:
 Through their combination of literary content and political commentary periodicals played a significant role in shaping public discourse on key issues of the day.

5) Influence on later periodicals:
The formate and approaches developed during the romantic era influenced later publications, including Victorian era magazine and morden literary journals.

6) presentation of Romantic works :
Many important Romantic text me were first published in periodicals ensuring their preservation and dissemination.

Challenge and controversies:

 
Despite their influence these magazine faced some challenges 

⁠➜ some faced legal trouble for their political views.
➜ Many struggle to make enough money to keep going.
⁠➜ There were often big arguments between different magazines
      and writers.
➜ They had to balance making money with publishing good            literature.

Conclusion:

 
The magazine and journals of the Romantic age were very important in developing English literature and journalism. They gave a platform to important writers , helped shape public opinion , and set new standards for literary criticism and essay writing.

This publication are still important today. We can see their influence in morden literary magazines , Journalism , and how we think about English literature.

" It is the duty of literature to stand aloof from the turmoil of political parties,to render itself the censor of both."
                                    - the London magazine 1820(onwards)

Thank you 😊

References:


Content:



Photos from:

Monday, August 12, 2024

Best Bollywood Adaptations of the Shakespearean plays

 Best Bollywood Adaptations of Shakespeare's plays 

🌟Explore the best Bollywood adaptations of Shakespeare’s works. Discuss how these adaptations interpret and transform the original plays for an Indian

    William Shakespeare is one of the greatest writer of English literature.As we know that he wrote drama for theater performances and for earning a good amount . But after that his works had great influence on contemporary generation. Many of his works are taken in Indian movies which we are discussing in this blog , so let's begin...

    Bollywood has a rich history of adapting Shakespeare's play ,infusing them with local culture and social context here are some notable adaption and how they transform Shakespeare's works for an Indian audience.

There are many films which are taken from Shakespeare's plays like ..

  • Macbeth  -maqbool 
  • Omkara - othello
  • Haider - Hamlet 
  • 10ml love - A midsummer night's 
  • Kalyug - winters tale 

1) Maqbool (2003)

Based on - Macbeth 

Directed by - Vishal Bharadwaj 



  Vishal Bharadwaj's "Maqbool" is seminal Bollywood Adaptations of Shakespeare's "Macbeth", set against the gritty backdrop of Mumbai's criminal underworld.In the film uses similar themes of play like ambition,power and guilt into in to contemporary Indian context , specifically within the world of organized crime.

      In "Maqbool", the central character, Maqbool is Portrayed as a loyal henchman to a powerful gangster, Abbaji,who mirrors Macbeth's king.The characters are translated into figures of the underworld hierarchy, with Tabu’s character, Nimmi, representing Lady Macbeth. Her role as a manipulative force behind Maqbool's rise mirrors Lady Macbeth’s influence in Shakespeare’s tragedy.

    The film also incorporates traditional Indian elements, such as using the streets and markets of Mumbai as a backdrop, to set the story in a familiar setting. The stark and raw atmosphere of the film heightens the tension and moral ambiguity, effectively transposing Shakespeare's dark tragedy into a contemporary Indian context.


2) Omkara (2006)

Based on - Othello 

Directed by - Vishal Bharadwaj 



    Another master piece of Vishal Bharadwaj's "Omkara" which also adaptation of Shakespeare's play "Othello". This movie set in Meerut,a city in Uttar pradesh.

    The Indian version of Othello covers within the Indian culture and by that deals the plot of original work, a bit differently. The movie also relate with Indian politics and UP culture and symbolism. There are also some changes in movie but afterwards it also represent the story line of Othello.

    Shakespeare's drama has demonstrated it's ability to think universally, making it a perfect fit for the Indian context. Actor have shown that human characters are universal just as the are in written works . The director Vishal Bharadwaj created situation, dialogue and scenes in a way that was largely faithful to the original play.


 3) Haider (2014)

Based on - Hamlet

Directed by - Vishal Bharadwaj 

 
    Another movie of Vishal Bharadwaj is also related with Shakespeare's play Hamlet. Vishal Bharadwaj has won acclaimed for adapting Shakespeare's tragedies into cinema.

   The making ' Haider' Vishal Bharadwaj has appropriated the source text. Though he draws parallels with the important scenes of the original play . The deviation is more powerful. It is worth mentioning here that through Haider bhardwaj has crafted his own unique version, which remains loyal to the Shakespearean spirit.

    The eternal themes in Hamlet such as betrayal, corruption, death,love and filial obedience, are beautifully woven with the plot of Haider . However Bhardwaj has taken certain liberties to mould the story in his own creative style to cinematic and commercial requirements.

    In Shakespeare's "Hamlet" the action unfolds in Denmark, a realm of political  intrigue and royal betrayal . Bharadwaj's "Haider" relocates this drama to Kashmir , a region embroiled in political strife and insurgency. This setting is crucial as it infuses the narrative with a fresh layer of complexity, blending personal with political terminal. The pictures landscape of Kashmir become a metaphor for for Haider's internal chaos and the broader societal conflicts.

Conclusion:

    Shakespeare's drama represented European culture, whereas Vishal Bharadwaj gives it a complete Indian touch. Bollywood adaptation of Shakespeare's play offers a vibrant and culturally nuanced exploration of themes. Films like "Maqbool","Omkara",and "Haider" not only bring Shakespeare's narratives to life but also reinterpret them through the lenses of Indian culture, politics and society. By these classical stories in familiar settings and addressing local issue,these adaptation make Shakespeare's work accessible and relevant to contemporary Indian audience.

References :

Sunday, August 11, 2024

Socrates: the founder of Western philosophy

 Socrates: the founder of Western philosophy 


" Wonder is the feeling of a philosopher,

And philosophy begins in wonder."

                 - Socrates quoted by Plato in theaetetus 

Introduction:

        Socrates was one of the most influential figures in western philosophy.we have no more information about him but through his students Plato and xenophon we came to know about his life and his ideas of philosophy. Socrates is renowned for his contribution to ethics and epistemology as well as he developed the Socrates method.

Early life:

Socrates was born in Athens, Greece around 469/470 BCE. His father Sophroniscus was a stonemason and his mother was a midwife.his family was not more wealthy that because he did not take more education. Socrates also worked as a stonemason during his early life.

During the peloponnesian war Socrates joined Athenian army and worked as a hoplite. Socrates fought in many battles and was noted for his bravery and courage.

" The unexamine life is not a living"

Socrates philosophical method:

Socrates was removed for his method of inquiry. Whereas he came to know that he was very brilliant ,he had desired that how he was more brilliant than others . He talked with everyone about his questions.

Socrates believed in the total ultimate truth one could reach by realizing once own ignorance. His famous words “ I know that I'm nothing” , perfectly sum up his philosophy of intellectual humility and the constant search for truth . His paradoxical wisdom emphasized that the awareness of their limitations was the basis of knowing the truth.


Socratic method:

     A form of dialectical questioning intended to simulate critical thinking and enlightening ideas rather than providing answers or making direct statements , Socrates asked a series of questions to help his interlocutors uncover the concept and assumption underlying their beliefs.

Lagacy and influence:

    Socrates' influence on Western philosophy is deep and far-reaching. His emphasis on ethical inquiry, the Socratic method and the pursuit of knowledge has influenced countless philosophers and thinkers.

    His influence is also evident in the works of his students and followers. in contemporary generation it might be very useful for students to develop their critical thinking skill and questioning.

Conclusion:

Socrates' philosophy fundamentally reshaped western thought. At heart of his philosophy is the socratic method, a dialectical technique that is used for simulating critical thinking and illuminating ideas through questioning.

Socrates questioning established norms and seeking the truth led deep reflection on human nature, ethics and knowledge.

Thank you.

References:

https://bhumibagohil333.blogspot.com/

https://medium.com/reinvention-space/the-socratic-method-8e9328b70deb

Wikipedia 

Other references are from different AI tools



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